GLOSSARY

Adler, Victor (1852–1918) – central leader of Austrian Social Democratic Party; prominent leader of Second International; supported Austro-Hungarian military effort in World War I; Austrian foreign minister 1918.

Anseele, Edward (1856–1938) – joined Belgian socialist movement 1877; founded Vooruit Cooperative Society 1880; a founder of Belgian Workers Party 1885; first socialist member of Belgian parliament 1894; government minister after 1918.

Argyriadès, Paul (1849–1901) – originally from Greece; arrived in France as student 1871; originally affiliated to French Workers’ Party (POF), he joined the Blanquist Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC) in 1881, which became the Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party (PSR).

Baader, Ottilie (1847–1925) – German socialist and women’s rights activist; seamstress from age 13 in Frankfurt; joined socialist movement in late 1860s; in 1894, with women legally barred from joining political parties in Germany at the time, she became an SPD “confidental person” assigned to help organise women; headed SPD’s women’s office 1900–1917.

Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–1876) – Russian anarchist; leader of split with Marxist forces in First International.

Bebel, August (1840–1913) – originally a turner; joined Leipzig workers’ Educational Association 1861, becoming its chairman 1865; becoming a Marxist, he cofounded (with Liebknecht) the Social Democratic Workers Party 1869; collaborator of Marx and Engels; Reichstag deputy 1871–1913; SPD cochair from 1892 until his death; opponent of revisionism within SPD and Second International, eventually adopting centrist position between reformist right and revolutionary left.

Beer, Max (1864–1943) – born in Austria; moved to Germany 1889 and joined SPD; London correspondent for Vorwärts 1902–12; historian of British socialism; worked at Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow 1927–29.

Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932) – German Social Democrat; collaborator of Engels; theorist of revisionist current within socialist movement from 1898; member of centrist USPD during World War I; rejoined SPD 1919; Reichstag deputy 1902–07, 1912–18, 1920–28.

Bertrand, Louis (1856–1943) – joined socialist movement 1870s; a founder of Belgian Workers Party 1885; founder and editor of Le Peuple; member of parliament 1894–1926.

Bissolati, Leonida (1857–1920) – founding member of Italian SP 1892; editor of Avanti 1896–1903, 1908–10; expelled from SP 1912 for supporting Italy’s war in Libya; founded Reformist Socialist Party, which supported Italy’s entry into World War I; government minister 1916–18.

Bohn, Frank (1878–1975) – Socialist Labor Party national secretary 1906–08; joined SP 1908; supported US entry into World War I and broke with socialist movement 1917.

Bömelburg, Theodor (1862–1912) – joined SPD 1887; leader of German construction workers’ union in Hamburg; member of Reichstag 1903–12.

Bonnet, Alfred (1866–1933) – secretary of Internationalist Revolutionary Socialist Students in Paris 1891–93; later participated in socialist publishing and educational efforts; delegate from France to 1889 and 1893 Second International congresses.

Bracke, Alexandre (1861–1955) – joined French socialist movement in 1880s, becoming leader of French SP and its foreign relations secretary; longtime member of Chamber of Deputies; supported French military effort during World War I.

Branting, Karl Hjalmar (1860–1925) – longtime leader of Swedish Social Democratic Party and editor of Social-Demokraten 1886–1917; supporter of Bernstein’s revisionist perspective; opponent of Bolshevik revolution; chairperson of Second International 1919; three times prime minister 1920–25.

Braun, Adolf (1862–1929) – a founder of Austrian Social Democratic Party 1887; moved to Germany; editor of Vorwärts 1893–98; member of party executive 1920–27.

Briand, Aristide (1862–1932) – a leader of French socialist movement and a founder of L’Humanité; became minister in bourgeois government 1906 and broke with socialist movement; premier of France numerous times between 1909 and 1929.

Brouckère, Louis de (1870–1951) – joined Belgian Workers Party early 1890s; left-wing socialist before 1914; supported Entente in World War I and joined Belgian government.

Brousse, Paul (1844–1912) – member of First International in France in 1870s as anarchist; later a reformist socialist and “Possibilist”; founding member of united French SP 1905.

Burrows, Herbert (1845–1922) – British socialist; founding member in 1881 of organization that became Social Democratic Federation, remaining a member until 1911.

Busche, J. Fred – leader of New Haven, Connecticut, typographical workers union in 1880s, serving as state deputy of union in 1882–83; editor of Socialist Labor Party’s Workmen’s Advocate 1887–89; represented SLP at 1889 Second International congress, but was forced out of party in a faction fight later that year.

Cahan, Abraham (1860–1951) – born in Lithuania; emigrated to US 1882; joined Socialist Labor Party; later became member of SP; a founder in 1897 of Yiddish-language Jewish Daily Forward and its editor from 1903 to 1946.

Cipriani, Amilcare (1844–1918) – originally from Italy; moved to France 1870 and participated in Paris Commune; deported to New Caledonia 1871–80; active in French and Italian socialist movements, influenced by anarchism; attended Second International congresses 1889, 1893, 1904; supported Entente in World War I.

Degay, Edmond (1862–1933) – delegate to 1893 and 1896 congresses of Second International from the Blanquist Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC) of France; assistant secretary of CRC; founding member of SFIO (French SP) 1905; during WWI was secretary general in Ministry of Labour; subprefect of Molsheim (Bas-Rhin) 1919–25; left socialist movement after WWI.

de la Porte, Henri (1880–1924) – joined socialist student movement 1899; named to French SP National Council 1905; supported French war effort 1914; broke with SP 1919.

Delory, Gustave (1857–1925) – a founder of French textile workers union 1879; Socialist Party mayor of Lille 1896–1904 and 1919–25; member of Chamber of Deputies 1902–25.

de Paepe, César (1841–1890) – prominent member of First International in Belgium; moved from anarcho-syndicalism to Marxism; a founder of Belgian Workers Party; attended founding congress of Second International.

Drucker, Wilhelmina (1847–1925) – Dutch women’s rights activist; founder of Free Women’s Association (Vrije Vrouwen Vereeniging) 1889, which became Women’s Rights Association in 1894.

Ebert, Friedrich (1871–1925) – joined SPD 1889; member of party executive committee 1905–1919; succeeded Bebel as party cochairman 1913; supported German effort in World War I; as a leader of provisional government coming out of 1918 revolution, he joined with monarchists to defeat workers’ uprisings 1919–20; German president 1919–25.

Edwards, B. – delegate to 1893 Zurich Congress of Second International from Kommunistischer Arbeiterbildungsverein (Communist Workers Educational Association) in London.

Ellenbogen, Wilhelm (1863–1951) – founding member and prominent leader of Austrian Social Democratic Workers’ Party; member of SDP executive board from 1891; member of parliament (Reichsrat) 1901–18; took pacifist position during World War I; participated in Zimmerwald movement; entered Social Democratic–led Austrian government in 1919; deputy to National Council 1919–34; fled Austria 1938; emigrated to US 1940.

Engels, Frederick (1820–1895) – lifelong collaborator of Karl Marx; coauthor of Communist Manifesto; a leader of First International 1864–72; political and theoretical leader of revolutionary workers’ movement after death of Marx; close adviser of Second International 1889–95.

Ferrer, Francisco (1859–1909) – Catalan educator and anarchist; arrested, tried, and executed following Barcelona Tragic Week rebellion.

Ferri, Enrico (1856–1929) – Italian criminologist and socialist; joined Italian SP 1893; elected to Italian parliament 1896; editor of Avanti 1900–05; became supporter of fascism under Mussolini.

Fiére, Louis – revolutionary socialist militant in Drôme department of southeastern France.

Frankel, Leo (1844–1896) – born in present-day Budapest, he moved to Germany 1861, where he became involved in Lassallean movement; moving to Paris 1867, he joined First International; participant in Paris Commune; escaped abroad and settled in London, working with Marx and Engels in the International’s leadership; leaving England 1876, he lived in Austria-Hungary, before returning to Paris; became editor of La Battle 1890.

Friedeberg, Raphael (1863–1940) – German physician; joined SPD in 1890s; moved toward anarchism and became affiliated to Free Association of German Trade Unions; supported general strike motion at 1904 Amsterdam congress; expelled from SPD 1907 as anarcho-syndicalist.

Gérault-Richard, Alfred Léon (1860–1911) – joined French socialist movement 1880s; edited several socialist newspapers; member of parliament 1895–98, 1902–11; supported Millerand and bourgeois Republicans.

Gheude, Charles (1871–1956) – leading Belgian socialist and lawyer; Belgian Workers Party deputy 1907–1940; founder and editor in chief of Jean Prolo 1913–56.

Gibson, Charles A. – member of Social Democratic Federation of Britain in 1890s; active in bus and cab drivers’ union.

Glasier, J. Bruce (1859–1920) – founding member of Social Democratic Federation of Britain 1884, leaving it to join Socialist League; joined Independent Labour Party 1893; editor of Labour Leader; a founder of British Labour Party; took pacifist position during World War I.

Grantham, William (1835–1911) – British barrister, politician, and judge.

Gray, Mary (1854–1941) – joined Social Democratic Federation in Britain 1887; ran Socialist Sunday School; member of local SDF leadership 1896–1903.

Guérard, Eugène (1859–1931) – French trade unionist; general secretary of national ralway union 1890–1909; member of Revolutionary Socialist Workers’ Party (POSR).

Guesde, Jules (1845–1922) – supporter of Paris Commune 1871; fled to Geneva to avoid prosecution, returning to France 1876; founding central leader in 1882 of French Workers’ Party (POF), which became a central component of united SP (SFIO) in 1905; opponent of reformism within France and Second International until 1914; member of Chamber of Deputies from 1893; social patriot and minister without portfolio during WWI.

Hardie, Keir (1856–1915) – founding member of British Independent Labour Party, becoming a central party leader; a founder of Labour Party; member of Parliament 1892–95, 1900–15; adopted pacifist stand during World War I.

Haywood, William D. “Big Bill” (1869–1928) – elected secretary-treasurer of Western Federation of Miners in US 1900; founding member and first chairman of Industrial Workers of the World 1905; arrested 1917 on frame-up charges of treason and sabotage, convicted and sentenced to twenty years’ imprisonment; jumped bail in 1921 and went to Soviet Russia, where he lived until his death.

Hennessey, Daniel – organizing secretary of British National Association of Operative Plasterers, representing it at 1896 Second International congress.

Hervé, Gustave (1871–1944) – joined French socialist movement 1899; led ultraleft tendency in SP before 1914; became prowar ultranationalist in 1914; expelled from SP 1916; sympathetic to fascism in 1920s; supported Vichy regime during World War II.

Hicks, Amie (1839/40? –1917) – president of British Rope Makers Union and member of Social Democratic Federation; founding member of Women’s Trade Union Association, which became Women’s Industrial Council.

Hillquit, Morris (1869–1933) – a founder and central leader of US SP from 1901; proponent of opportunist position on immigration question; supporter of centrist current within international Social Democracy.

Hobson, Samuel George (1870–1940) – member of British Fabian Society and Independent Labour Party; theorist of Guild Socialism.

Huggler, August (1877–1944) – secretary of Swiss metal workers union 1904– 09; secretary of Swiss trade union federation 1909–15; remained a leader of federation until 1937.

Hunter, Robert (1874–1942) – American writer; author of Poverty; joined Socialist Party after 1905; delegate to 1907 and 1910 Second International congresses.

Huysmans, Camille (1871–1968) – joined Belgian Workers Party 1887; secretary of International Socialist Bureau from 1905; chairperson of Belgian House of Representatives 1936–39, 1954–58; Belgian prime minister 1946–47.

Hyndman, Henry M. (1842–1921) – a founder in 1881 of what became Social Democratic Federation; helped establish British Socialist Party in 1911; noted for anti-Semitic views; supported British war effort during World War I; formed National Socialist Party in 1916.

Iglesias, Pablo (1850–1925) – founding member of Social Democracy in Spain 1879; president of Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE) SP 1888–1925; head of Spanish trade union federation; member of parliament 1910–23; supported Entente during World War I.

Ihrer, Emma (1857–1911) – member of SPD in Germany; active in socialist women’s movement from early 1880s; in 1891 founded Die Arbeiterin, predecessor of Die Gleichheit; later helped found German Central Association of Domestic Workers.

Jaclard, Charles Victor (1840–1903) – French socialist; member of First International as anarchist; participant in Paris Commune; lived in exile 1871–80; active in French Workers Party; general secretary of Union of Socialist Journalists; delegate to Second International congresses of 1889, 1891, 1893.

Jankowska-Mendelson, Marya (1850–1909) – member of Polish league of revolutionary emigrants in London; later coeditor in Zurich of Równość (Equality); attended 1892 founding congress in Paris of Polish Socialist Party.

Jaurès, Jean (1859–1914) – socialist from late 1880s; leader of reformist wing of French Socialist movement; from 1905 a central leader of unified French SP; member of Chamber of Deputies 1888–89, 1893–98, 1902–14; assassinated at outbreak of World War I.

Karpeles, Benno (1868–1938) – joined socialist movement in 1890s in Switzerland; moved to Vienna; became political editor of Arbeiter-Zeitung 1899; represented Austrian trade unions in Second International.

Karski – See Marchlewski, Julian.

Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938) – joined Austrian Social Democracy 1874; collaborator of Engels; chief editor of SPD journal Die Neue Zeit 1883–1917; prominent Marxist theorist and opponent of revisionism before 1914; centrist during World War I; opponent of October 1917 Russian Revolution and Communist movement.

Kautsky, Louise (1860–1950) – Austrian Social Democrat; Engels’s secretary and housekeeper 1890–95; an editor of Arbeiterinnen-Zeitung; member of bureau of 1893 Second International congress; first wife of Karl Kautsky.

Keufer, Auguste (1851–1924) – secretary general of French Federation of Book Workers 1884–1920; first treasurer of CGT union federation 1895–96.

Knudsen, Peter (1848–1910) – leader of Danish SDP 1882–1910; member of Danish parliament 1898–1901 and 1902–09.

Kuliscioff, Anna (c. 1855–1925) – Russian revolutionary; fled from tsarist police; lived in Italy after 1878 and became active in socialist movement there; helped edit Critica Sociale from 1891; later a leader of reformist wing of Italian SP.

Lafargue, Paul (1842–1911) – member of General Council of First International; founding leader of French Workers Party 1880, together with Guesde; a leader of Marxist left wing of French socialist movement; collaborator of Marx and Engels; helped organize founding congress of Second International; son-in-law of Karl Marx.

Lanchester, Edith (1871–1966) – socialist, feminist, and suffragist; member of Social Democratic Federation, representing it at 1896 Second International congress.

Lang, Otto (1863–1936) – Swiss socialist; became socialist while studying in Germany; joined Grütli Association 1888; president of Swiss SP 1898–1902; member of party leadership in Zurich 1917–36; member of Zurich City Council 1890–1916, 1926–36.

Lansbury, George (1859–1940) – joined British Social Democratic Federation 1892; Labour Party member of Parliament 1910–12, 1922–40; Labour Party leader 1931–35.

Lavigne, Raymond (1851–1930) – French syndicalist and socialist; leader of Bordeaux trade union movement from early 1880s; member of French Workers Party 1881–1902; made motion at 1889 Second International congress for May Day; joined unified SP 1905.

Leakey, James (b. 1849) – delegate to Second International’s 1896 congress from British Independent Labour Party; author of Co-operators and the Labour Platform.

Ledebour, Georg (1850–1947) – joined SPD 1891; Reichstag member 1900– 1918; supported SPD left wing before 1914; opposed social chauvinism during World War I; a leader of Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD) 1917– 19; opposed affiliation to Comintern 1920.

Lee, Algernon (1873–1954) – joined US Socialist Labor Party 1895; became a leader of SP after its founding in 1901; editor of New York Call.

Legien, Karl (1861–1920) – Social Democratic head of German trade unions 1890–1920; avowed reformist; president of International Federation of Trade Unions 1913–19; supported SPD right wing during World War I.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870–1924) – became active in Russian Social Democratic movement 1892–93; central leader of Bolsheviks from 1903; became Bolshevik representative on International Socialist Bureau 1905; leader of October Revolution; chair of Soviet government 1917–24; founder and leader of Communist International.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900) – participant in 1848 revolution in Germany; joined Communist League in London 1849; collaborator of Marx and Engels; cofounder of German Social Democracy 1869 and, with Bebel, leader of SPD until his death; chief editor of Vorwärts 1876–78 and 1891–1900; Reichstag deputy 1874–1900; a central leader of Second International.

Longuet, Jean (1876–1938) – joined French socialist movement 1890s; leader of centrists in SP during and after World War I; opposed affiliation to Comintern; parliamentary deputy 1914–19 and 1932–36; Karl Marx’s grandson.

Louis, Paul (1872–1955) – joined French revolutionary movement 1888; became member of united SP 1901; member of its National Council from 1910; supported Russian Revolution and became member of Communist Party 1920.

Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919) – born in Poland; joined socialist movement 1886; later lived in Germany; delegate to all Second International congresses between 1896 and 1912; led SPD left wing in opposition to party right wing and, after 1910, against “Marxist Center” led by Kautsky; leader of Spartacus current during World War I; imprisoned 1916–18; founding leader of German CP December 1918; arrested and murdered during workers’ uprising in Berlin January 1919.

Marchand – French metalworker; member of Revolutionary Socialist Committee of Nantes; delegate to 1893, 1896, and 1900 congresses of Second International.

Marchlewski, Julian (Karski) (1866–1925) – joined Social Democratic movement in Russian Poland 1889; joined Bolsheviks 1906; later active in German SPD; during World War I a leader of Spartacus group in Germany; played a leading role in Comintern.

Martov, Julius (1873–1923) – joined Russian social-democratic movement early 1890s; leader of Mensheviks from 1903; pacifist during World War I; in left wing of Mensheviks during 1917; opponent of October Revolution.

Marx, Eleanor (1855–1898) – joined Social Democratic Federation 1884, becoming member of Socialist League and later rejoining SDF; helped organize National Union of Gas Workers and General Labourers 1889; leading figure at congresses of Second International; daughter of Karl Marx.

Marx, Karl (1818–1883) – cofounder with Engels of modern communist workers’ movement; leader of Communist League 1847–52; coauthor of Communist Manifesto; central leader of First International 1864–72.

Miller, Louis E. (1866–1927) – emigrated to US 1884, becoming leader of Jewish Workingmen’s Association; represented Jewish Federation of Trade Unions of New York at Second International’s 1889 congress; helped found socialist Jewish Daily Forward in 1897, but broke with it in 1905 and became a Zionist.

Millerand, Alexandre (1859–1943) – initially a leader of French SP; took ministerial post in cabinet 1899 and then moved to right of bourgeois political spectrum; French premier 1920; president 1920–24.

Modráček, František (1871–1960) – originally an anarchist; joined Czechoslovak Social Democratic movement 1897; active in cooperative movement; member of Austro-Hungarian parliament 1907–18; when party moved toward communism after war, he left to join Social Democrats; member of Czechoslovak senate 1925–39.

Mojonnet, Jacques (1857–1927) – French metalworker; moved to Dijon 1887; secretary of Dijon metalworkers 1892–94; leading member of Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party (POSR) in Dijon and leader of Federation of Socialist Workers of the East; moved to Basel Switzerland in early 1900s and was active in Swiss socialist movement.

Molkenbuhr, Hermann (1851–1927) – founding member of German Social Democratic Workers Party 1875; became secretary of SPD Executive Committee in 1904; represented SPD on International Socialist Bureau; member of Reichstag 1890–1924; supported right-wing party majority during World War I.

Morris, William (1834–1896) – British textile designer, writer, and poet; became Marxist in early 1880s; leader of Socialist League 1884–90; later active in Hammersmith Socialist Society.

Mortier, B. – delegate from Saint-Étienne, France, representing National Federation of Metalworkers, at Second International congress in 1893.

Moyer, Charles (1866–1929) – president of Western Federation of Miners in US 1902–1926; charged in 1906 frame-up along with Haywood and Pettibone; charges against Moyer were eventually dropped.

Němec, Antonín (1858–1926) – joined workers’ movement 1876; Czech SDP party chairperson and editor in chief of Právo lidu from 1897; helped lead struggle against party’s pro-Communist left-wing majority.

Nieuwenhuis, Ferdinand Domela (1846–1919) –Dutch former Lutheran minister; joined socialist movement 1879; secretary of Social Democratic League 1882–87; member of parliament 1888–91; moved toward anarchism and left Social Democratic League 1898; helped found International Antimilitarist Association 1904.

Olsen, Christian Martin (1853–1926) – chairperson of Danish trade union federation 1903–09; member of parliament 1901–18; served on International Socialist Bureau.

Pankhurst, Richard (1834–1898) – London barrister; active in Liberal Party; founding member of British Independent Labour Party 1893, representing it at Second International’s 1896 London Congress.

Pernerstorfer, Engelbert (1850–1918); joined Austrian SDP 1896, member of parliament 1885–97, 1901–18, becoming head of party’s parliamentary group.

Pettibone, George (1862–1908) – member of Western Federation of Miners in Idaho; acquitted in 1907 frame-up trial.

Plekhanov, Georgy V. (1856–1918) – pioneer of Marxism in Russia; founder of Emancipation of Labor group 1883; influential Marxist theorist; supported Mensheviks after 1903; leading Russian representative at Second International congresses; supported Russian military effort during World War I; opposed October Revolution 1917.

Quelch, Harry (1858–1913) – London factory worker; joined Social Democratic Federation 1881; elected to SDF executive committee 1883; editor of Justice, 1892–1913.

Rakovsky, Christian (1873–1941) –born in Bulgaria, attaining Romanian citizenship; joined socialist movement in Switzerland in early 1890s; editor of Geneva-based Bulgarian socialist publication; joined Bulgarian Social Democratic Union; Bulgarian delegate to 1889, 1893, 1896, and 1904 congresses of Second International; Romanian delegate to 1907 and 1910 international congresses; took part in Zimmerwald Conference 1915; joined Bolsheviks in Russia 1917; leader of Ukrainian soviet government 1919–23; leader of Left Opposition in Russian CP 1923–34; convicted in Moscow frame-up trial 1938; executed.

Rappoport, Charles (1865–1941) – born in Lithuania; joined Russian populist movement 1883; in exile from 1887; joined French socialist movement 1897; member French CP 1920–38.

Rémy, Léon (1870–1910) – founded International Revolutionary Socialist Students in Paris; joined Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC); attended 1893 and 1896 congresses of Second International; writer for L’Humanité after 1904; member of united SFIO (French SP) from 1905.

Renou, Victor (1845–1904) – French stonemason and Blanquist; participant in Paris Commune ; exiled in Brussels; returned to Paris after 1879 pardonfounding member of Revolutionary Socialist Workers’ Party (POSR) 1891; member of Chamber of Deputies 1896–1902.

Roland-Holst, Henriette (1869–1952) – Dutch poet and writer; joined Dutch socialist movement 1897; active in work of Second International from 1900; belonged to left wing of Social Democratic Workers Party; founding member of Dutch Communist Party 1918; left CP 1927.

Rubanovich, I. A. (1860–1920) – a leader of Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party; member of International Socialist Bureau 1907–09; supported Entente war effort during World War I.

Saint-Domingue – delegate to 1893 Zurich Congress from Proletarian Positivist Circle in Paris.

Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar (1883–1966) – Indian revolutionary nationalist; arrested in France 1910 and extradited; sentenced in British court to fifty years’ imprisonment; released in 1924.

Schlüter, Hermann (1851–1919) – joined German Social Democracy 1872; emigrated to US 1889; contributor to New Yorker Volkszeitung; represented Socialist Party at 1904 Amsterdam Congress.

Serwy, Victor (1884–196?) – secretary of Belgian Cooperative Societies from 1900; secretary of Belgian Workers Party in Brussels; editor of L’Avenir social; secretary of International Socialist Bureau 1900–05.

Simons, A. M. (1870–1950) – joined US Socialist Labor Party 1897; helped found SP 1901; editor International Socialist Review 1900–08; supported US entry into World War I; later became supporter of Republican Party.

Singer, Paul (1844–1911) – joined German Social Democracy 1869; cochairperson of SPD Executive Committee 1890–1911; member of Reichstag 1884–1911; member of International Socialist Bureau; close collaborator of Bebel; opposed revisionist current within party and Second International.

Sorge, Friedrich Adolph (1828–1906) – friend and collaborator of Marx and Engels living in United States; became secretary of First International 1872; collaborator of Die Neue Zeit until his death.

Stevenson, W. (b. 1854) – helped found United Builders Labourers’ union in London; union general secretary 1889–1905.

Störmer, Albert (1847–1922) – leader of German sailors’ union from Hamburg beginning 1891; resigned from trade union position 1903; later active in cooperative movement.

Thompson, Claude (born c. 1872) – secretary of Australian Rail and Tramway Service Association, representing this union at 1904 Amsterdam Congress; a leader of 1917 New South Wales general strike.

Troelstra, Pieter (1860–1930) – founding leader of Dutch Social Democratic Workers Party 1894; prominent opportunist within Second International; supported Entente during World War I.

Ugarte, Manuel (1875–1951) – joined Argentine Socialist Party 1903; left it 1913 due to party’s rightist positions; a supporter of Latin American anti-imperialist movements; Argentine ambassador under Perón 1946–50.

Vaillant, Édouard (1840–1915) – joined First International in 1860s, serving on its General Council; participant in Paris Commune 1871; sentenced to death in absentia, he lived in exile 1872–80; member of Chamber of Deputies 1893–1915; from 1861 leader of the Blanquist Central Revolutionary Committee, which became Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1898, becoming a leader of united SP (SFIO) in 1905; a prominent antimilitarist favoring general strike to oppose war; he supported the French war effort 1914.

Vandervelde, Emile (1866–1938) – joined Belgian Workers Party 1889, becoming a central leader; chairperson of Brussels office of Second International 1900–14; parliamentary deputy from 1894; member of Belgian council of ministers 1916–21, 1925–27, 1936–37; chairperson of Belgian Workers Party 1933–38.

Van Kol, Hendrick (1852–1925) – member of First International; lived many years in Dutch East Indies from 1876; founding leader of Dutch Social Democratic Workers Party 1894; member of parliament 1897–1909, 1913–22, and 1923–24; prominent opportunist on colonial and other questions within Second International.

Verdorst, Pieter Marinus (1858–1944) – joined Dutch trade union movement 1887; became chairman of carpenters union 1890s; a founder of Trade Union Association (NVV) 1906 and member of its executive board until 1920.

Vinck,Émile (1870–1950) – a leader of Belgian Workers Party; secretary of National Federation of Communal Socialist Councilors and founder of its newspaper, Le Mouvement Communal.

Vliegen, Willem H. (1862–1947) – joined Dutch Social Democracy 1883; founding leader of Social Democratic Workers Party 1894, serving as chairman 1897–99; a leader of right wing in party through 1930s; member of Amsterdam City Council 1906–24; member of Dutch parliament 1909–37.

Volders, Jean (1855–1896) – a founding leader of Belgian Workers Party (POB) 1885; editor in chief of Le Peuple 1885–90; in 1890 became secretary and then chief administrator of workers’ cooperatives; on right wing of party; central organizer of 1891 Brussels Congress.

von Elm, Adolph (1857–1916) – a leader of German cooperative movement; joined Social Democracy 1870s; president of tobacco workers cooperative in Hamburg 1891–1912; Reichstag member 1894–1907; founder and leader of trade union insurance company 1910–16.

von Plehve, Vyacheslav (1846–1904) – minister of interior and head of police in tsarist Russia 1902; aided and abetted anti-Jewish pogroms; assassinated by revolutionaries.

Webb, Sidney (1859–1947) – leading figure in British Fabian Society; colonial minister in Labour Party government, 1929–31.

Wibaut, Florentinus Marinus (1858–1936) – leading member of Dutch Social Democratic Workers Party; centrist before 1914, then right-wing Social Democrat.

Wurm, Emmanuel (1857–1920) – joined German SPD 1880s; leading supporter with Kautsky of SPD “Marxist Center”; Reichstag deputy from 1890; supporter of centrist opposition within SPD after 1915; founding member of Independent Social Democratic Party; Prussian food minister 1918.

Zetkin, Clara (1857–1933) – joined German socialist movement 1878; cofounder of Second International 1889; a leader of its Marxist wing; editor of SPD’s women’s journal Die Gleichheit 1891–1917; campaigner for women’s emancipation; secretary of International Socialist Women’s Bureau from 1907; joined German CP 1919; headed Communist Women’s Movement 1921– 26; founder and editor of Die Kommunistische Fraueninternationale 1921–25; member Executive Committee of Communist International 1921–33; Reichstag member 1920–33.