| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | K | |||||||||||||||||||
| War | Diplomacy | Colonial policy |
Economic policy (trusts, etc; customs agree- ments, etc; large-scale concessions |
Worker’s movement and socialist parties |
Revolutionary movements (non-prole- tarian) |
National movements and national question |
Democratic reforms |
Social reforms |
Miscella- neous and comments |
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1870 -1875 |
Franco- Prussian war (70-71). |
“Alliance of three emper- ors” (71). 72: Meeting of three emperors in Berlin. 1875: Fran- co-German conflict. Alexander II intervenes. |
(1866-67: Russia annexes Kokand.) 1868: Rus- sia annexes Bukhara. 1873: Rus- sia annexes Khiva. |
73: Gold currency in Germany. November 1875: Brit- ain buys up Suez shares. |
Paris Com- mune (71). 71-70: Trials of the Paris Commu- nards. 75: German S.D. Congress in Gotha. Unit- ed party. |
1868-71: Japan (Revolution and reform). 73: Republic in Spain. Inter- vention of German naval officer Werner August 1, 1873. 74: Alphonso XII in Spain, and 74-76: Carlist War. |
(1867: Agree- ment between Hungary and Austria). 75: Uprising in Bosnia and Herzegovina. |
61-72: Peasant reform and bourgeois- democratic reforms. Russia. 71: Beginning of the “Kul- turkampf” in Germany (71-78). 71-79: Fight against royal- ists and clericalists in France (75: victory of the Republic). April 2, 1873: Electoral reform in Austria (four curias). 75: Civil marriage intro- duced in Germany. |
Sept. 20, 1870: Italy takes Rome. |
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| 1876 |
77: Russo- Turkish war. |
76: Russo- German negotiations on Russian war against Austria. January 15, 1877: Austro- Russian treaty (on partition of Turkey). |
77: Britain seizes the Transvaal. |
76: Uprising in Bulgaria. 77: Russo-Tur- kish war. |
March ’76: Left Cabinet in Italy (Depretis) until ’91. 1877: Universal education law (Italy). |
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-1880 1881 |
79: Britain’s war against the Zulus. February 27 ’81: Boer victory over the British (at Majuba Hill). |
78: Berlin Congress (Turkey plundered). Oct. 11, 1878: Austro- Prussian treaty (on annulling the Prague conditions about Den- mark). 79: Austro- German alliance (October 7, ’79). 81 (August 81: 3): Britain recognises the independ- ence of the Transvaal. 81: Russia subdues the Turkmens. |
78: Britain seizes Cyprus. 79: “Afri- kanderbond” (union of Dutch in South Africa. 80: Hamburg merchant Godeffroy founds trading company in Samoa. (Reichstag, April 27, ’80 refused a subsidy). France seizes Tuni- sia. 81: Italy in Assab. ←81 |
79: Protec- tive tariff in Germany (alliance of industrial- ists and agrarians) |
78: Anti- Socialist Law in Germany (October 19). |
March 1, 1881: Assassination of Alexander II. |
79: Resignation of Falk (end of the “Kul- turkampf”. See ’87). 79: New court procedure introduced in Germany. 81: Gladstone’s Irish Land Bill. |
81: Wil- helms I’s message on social reforms. |
January 30, 1879: Resig- nation of Mac-Mahon. 79: Anti- Semitic movement in Germany (78: founda- tion of the Christian- Socialist Party). |
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-1885 |
85: War between France and China (over Tonkin). |
82: Great Britain seizes Egypt. 83: “Triple Alliance” (Germany + Austria + Italy) (May 20, 1882). 84: Meeting of 3 emper- ors in Skier- niewice. November 15, ’84. Berlin. Conference on the Con- go: Africa partitioned. “Independ- ence” of the Congo!! |
84: Germany seizes South-West African colonies + Cameroons. 84: Russia annexes Merv. 85: German dispute with Spain over Caroline Islands. 85: Britain seizes Bechu- ana (South Africa). 85: Italy in Massawa. 85: France seizes Ton- kin. 85: Brit- ain seizes Burma. |
85: Shipping subsidies in Germany. 1880-88: Railway to Samar- kand |
82: Prague University divided into Czech and Ger- man parts. |
82: Secular schools in France. 84: Gladstone’s electoral reform. |
83: Health insur- ance in Germany. 84: Ac- cident insurance in Ger- many. |
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1886 -1890 |
87: Russo- German “double insurance” treaty. |
90: Anglo- German treaty (ex- change of Heligoland for part of Africa). |
88: “Panama” in France. 88 (Oct. 4): Deutsche Bank obtains concession for Baghdad railway (to Angora). 89: Cecil Rhodes founds Char- tered Co. of South Africa. |
90: End of the Anti- Socialist Law in Germany. |
86: First Bill concerning the Poles (in Ger- many) (Settle- ment Commis- sion). |
86: Gladstone’s first Home Rule Bill. 87: End of the “Kulturkampf” in Germany (May 23, 1887). 88: Democratic local self- government in Britain. |
89: Old age insur- ance (in Germa- ny). |
86: Boulan- ger appoint- ed Minister of War. 90: Fall of Bismarck. |
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| 1891 |
Jan. 10, ’91: British ultimatum to Portugal (Africa plundered). |
91: German trade agree- ments with Austria and other coun- tries (cus- toms duties lowered). |
1891: Income tax in Ger- many |
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-1895 |
94-95: Sino- Japanese war. 1895: French war against Madagascar. |
91: Franco- Russian alliance. 95: Shimono- seki peace. 95: Treaty on Pamirs (of Russia and Afghan- istan). |
93: France seizes Dahomey. |
92: Currency reform in Austria. 93: Deutsche Bank ob- tains further concession for Baghdad railway. 95: Wilhelm II Canal.[1] |
93: Rail- way strike in Holland. |
95: Uprising in Cuba. |
92: Small-hold- ings Act in Britain. 93: Gladstone’s Second Home Rule Bill. 93: Two years’ military service (Germany). 1893: Electoral reform in Bel- gium (majority vote). 94: Start of Dreyfus affair (France). 94: Civil marriage introduced in Hungary. 1888-1895: Vatican’s nego- tiations with the Quirinal. No agreement! |
92: Party of the “Ral- lies” (to the Republic) in France. 93: Farmers’ League (Germany). |
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| 1896 |
96: Abyssi- nian victory over Italy (March 1) (peace trea- ty October 26, 1896). |
96: Jameson Raid (Britain in South Africa). 96: Britain seizes Ashanti. |
96: Badeni forms the fifth curia in the Austrian Par- liament. |
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-1900 |
97: Greco- Turkish war. 98: Spanish- American war. 99-1902: War between Great Brit- ain and the Boers. |
97: Austro- Russian agreement on the Bal- kans. 98: Fashoda (Great Brit- ain and France di- vide Africa (March 21, 1899)). |
97: France seizes Mada- gascar. 97: Germany seizes Kiao- chow 98: Wilhelm II in Jeru- salem. 98 (?): Ris- ing in Andijan. 99: Germany seizes Caro- line, Sawaii and other islands. |
98: Second Bill concerning the Poles (Germany). 99: Subjugation of Finland. |
98: The “Away from Rome” movement in Austria. |
97: Lueger becomes Mayor of Vienna. 98: First Navy Law (Germany). (April 30, 1898, Navy League founded). 1900: Second Navy Law in Germany. |
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| 1901 |
1900-01: War against China (Boxer rising. |
1902: Anglo- Japanese agreement. |
1901: Com- pletion of the Siberian railway. January 22, ’02: Franco- German Co. obtains con- cession for Baghdad railway + shipping in Mesopota- mia+mines. |
1902: Third Bill concerning the Poles (Ge- rmany). |
1901: “Com- monwealth” of Australia. 1901: French law on associa- tions (against Catholic orders.) 1902: Cancel- lation of the “Dictatorship Clause” in Alsace- Lorraine. |
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-1905 |
1904-07: War against the Hereros. 1904-05: Russo- Japanese war. |
1904: Anglo- French ag- reement. 1904: Loubet in Italy. 1905: Second Anglo- Japanese agreement. |
1904: British in Lhasa. 1905: Wil- helm II in Tangier (Morocco). |
1902: Cus- toms tariff in Germany. 1903: Cham- berlain urges cus- toms union of the Brit- ish Empire. 1905: Germany concludes new trade agreements. |
1905: Revolu- tion in Russia. 1905: Norway becomes a sepa- rate state. |
1903: Hunga- rian crisis (con- flict with Aus- tria over which language to be used in the army). ←1905 |
1903: Combes dissolves Cath- olic orders in France. 1903: Irish Bill (agrarian). 1905: Two years’ military service in Ger- many. 1905: Separation of the church from the state in France. |
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| 1906 |
1907: End of the war in Africa (against the Hereros, etc.). |
1906: Alge- ciras Con- ference. 1907: Agree- ment of France and Russia with Japan. 1907: Anglo- Russian agreement. |
1907 (Au- gust): Court imposes $29 million fine on Standard Oil Co. |
1906: parlia- ment in Persia 1907: Coup d’état in Russia. |
1906-07: School- children’s “strike” in Prussian Poland (about 50,000). |
1906: Expense allowance for Reichstag deputies. |
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⎛ ⎝ |
July 12, 1906: Drey- fus reha- bilitated. |
⎞ ⎠ |
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1907: Universal suffrage in Austria. 1907: Agricul- tural Act in Britain (bene- fits smallhold- ers). |
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-1910 |
1908 (June 9 ’08): Meeting of Edward VII and Nicholas II in Reval. 1908: US- Japanese agreement on the Pacific. 1909: Fran- co-German agreement on Morocco. 1910: Pots- dam meeting (of Wilhelm II and Nich- olas II). |
1910: Japan annexes Korea. |
1909: Bar- ricades in Barcelona and Madrid. Assassina- tion of Ferrer (October 13). 1910: Briand crushes rail- waymen’s strike. |
1908: Assassi- nation of Carlos I in Portugal. 1908: Revolu- tion in Tur- key. 1909: Over- throw of Abdul Hamid. 1909: Overthrow of the Shah in Persia. 1910: Republic in Portugal. |
1908: Iceland demands inde- pendence from Denmark: allowed a par- liament. 1908: Fourth Bill concerning the Poles (compulsory purchase). 1908: Annexa- tion of Bosnia and Herzegovi- na by Austria. 1908: Bulgaria proclaims her independence. 1910: Victory of National Party of Labour over the Party of Indepen- dents in Hungary. 1910: Finland’s independence destroyed. |
1909: New privileges for Irish farmers. 1910: Conflict between Lower and Upper Houses of British Parliament. |
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| !! |
April 21, 1910: Belgian law on the Flemish language in secondary schools (in four Flemish provinces). |
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1911 -1915 |
1911 (Sept. 29) (—Oct. 18, 1912): Turko-Ital- ian war (Tripoli- tanian). 1912: Bal- kan wars (First and Second). (October 8- Oct. 17, 1912: decla- ration of war). 1914: Euro- pean war. |
1911: Rus- so-German agreement on Persia. 1911: Franco- German agreement on Morocco. |
1911: France and Spain “advance” in Morocco. 1913: Rus- sian en- croachment on Armenia. |
!! |
May 15, 1911: Court declares Standard Oil Co. illegal. |
1912: Republic in China |
1911: Abolition (reduction) of privileges of British House of Lords. April 21, 1911: Separation of the church from the state in Portugal. 1912: Asquith’s Home Rule Bill. May 25, 1912: Electoral reform in Italy (electorate in- creased from two to six million). June 17, 1912: Electoral re- form in Britain (universal suffrage). April 11, 1912: Irish Home Rule adopted. |
1911: Insurance Law in Britain. |
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[1] The Kiel Canal.—Ed.
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