[1] Ernst Bloch,The Principle of Hope,Vol.III,Oxford:Blackwell,1986,p.1367.
[2] Vladimir Lenin,“Philosophical Notebooks”,in Vladimnir Lenin,Collected Works,Vol.38,1961,p.114.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第55卷,人民出版社1990年版,第97页。——译者注
[3] Wolfgang Abendroth,A Short History of the European Working Class,New York:Monthly Review Press,1972,pp.51—68.
[4] 事实上,对历史唯物主义的这种解释在哲学上最精妙的版本是杰里·科恩的《卡尔·马克思的历史理论:一种辩护》(Karl Marx'sTheory of History:A Defence),当代谈及“正统历史唯物主义”时多会提到它(参见Erik Olin Wright,et al.,Reconstrueting Marxism,London and New York,Verso,1992,p.11,14,16;Marcus Roberts,Analytical Marxism,London:Verso,1996,p.1;Alex Callinicos,Making History,Leiden,Brill,2004,p.54).我在本书第五章中探讨了对第二国际马克思主义的这种现代阐释。
[5] Alasdair MacIntyre,Marzism and Christianity,p.131.
[6] George Lichtheim,A Short History of Socialism,London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson,1970,pp.251—252.
[7] 转引自 Kelvin Anderson,“The Rediscovery and Persistence of the Dialectic in Philosophy and in World Politics”,in Sebastian Budgen,et al.eds.,Lenin Reloaded,Touards A Politics of Truth,p.123.
[9] Karl Marx,“Critique of the Gotha Programme”,p.355.参见《马克思恩格斯文集》第3卷,第445页。——译者注
[10] Karl Marx,“Critique of the Gotha Programme”,p.339;Fredenick Engels,"Letter to August Bebel" 18th —28th March 1875,in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels,Collected Works,Vol.24,p.71.参见《马克思恩格斯文集》第3卷,第425页。——译者注
[11] Frederick EngeIs,“Letter to August Bebel” 12th October 1875,in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels,Collected Works,Vol.45,London:Lawrence and Wishart,1991,pp.97—98.参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第34卷,人民出版社1972年版,第151页。——译者注
[12] Carl Schorske,German Social Democracy,1905—1917,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1983,p.3.
[13] Manfred Steger,"Introduction",in Manfred Steger,ed.,Selected Writings of Eduard Bernstein,New Jersey:Humanities Press,1996,p.3.
[14] Frederick Engels,“A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Programme of 1891”,in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels,Collected Works,Vol.27,London,Lawrence and Wishart,1990,p.225.参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第22卷,人民出版社1965年版,第272页。——译者注
[15] Frederick Engels,“A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratie Programme of 1891”,p.226.参见《马克思恩格斯全集)第22卷,第273页。——译者注
[16] Frederick Engels,“A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Programme of 1891”,p.227.参见《马克思恩格斯全集》第22卷,第274页。——译者注
[17] Carl Schorske,German Social Democracy,1905—1917,p.6.
[18] Carl Schorske,German Social Democrucy,1905—1917,pp.12fL.
[19] 语出奥尔,转引自 István Mészáros,The Pouer of ldeology,London:Zed,2005,p.309.
[20] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993,pp.56ff,79ff.
[21] Karl Kautsky,“The Revisionist Controversy”,in Patrick Goode,ed,Karl Kautsky:Selected Political WVritings,1983,pp.15—31,Lucio Colletti,From Rousseau to Lenin,New York:Monthly Review,1972,p.52.
[22] Carl Schorske,German Social Democracy,1905—1917,p.115;Massimo Salvadori,Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution,London:Verso,1979,p.63,113.
[23] Rosa Luxemburg,The Mass Strike,London:Bookmarks,1986,Ch.8,
[24] 例如卢森堡断言,工联主义是一种“西西弗斯式的劳动”(Rosa Luxemburg,Reform or Revolution,London;Bookmarks,1989,p.67),肖尔斯克认为,“如果我们回顾1906——1909年间使社会主义运动产生分歧的重大问题,就会发现在工会考量自身权重时,改良主义的态度在所有工会中都占据上风”。他同卢森堡一样,都是通过工会官僚制保守的职能和结构来解释这一点的(Kart Schorske,German Social Democracy,1905—1917,p.108,127)。类似地,马西莫·萨尔瓦多(Massimo Salvadon)也指出,“社会主义的“目标'同保守、温和的官僚制更加彻底的管理“手段'之间逐渐产生鸿沟,这种管理手段现在关心的仅仅是,在占主导的制度范围之内巩固这一组织”,对此考茨基没能理解,而卢森堡却有清晰的认识(Massimo Salvadori,Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Revolution,p.144).
[25] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,pp.30—31.
[26] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,pp.36ff.
[27] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,pp.40—41.
[28] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,p.189.
[29] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,p.210.
[30] 原文见 Henry Tudor and J.M.Tudor,eds,Marxism and Social Democracy:The Rrvisionist Debate 1896—1898,Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1988.
[31] Eduard Bernstein,“The Realistic and the Ideological Moments in Socialism”,in Henry Tudor and J.M.Tudor,eds.,Marxism and Social Democracy:The Revisionist Debate 1896—1898,p.243;另见Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,p.146.
[32] Eduard Bernstein,“"How is Scientific Socialism Possible?”,in Manfred Steger,ed.,Selected Writings of Eduard Bernstein,p.91,pp.94—95.
[33] Eduard Bernstein,“How is ScientificSocialism Possible?”,p.96,100.
[34] Leszek Kolakowski,Main Currents in Marxism,Vol.II,Oxford,Oxford University Press,1978,p.111;Peter Gay,The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism,New York:Collier Books,1962,pp.159ff.
[35] Georg Lukács,The Ontology of Social Being:2.Marx,London:Merlin,1978,p.149.
[36] David MeLellan,Marxism After Marx,London:Macmillan,1979,p.35.参见[英]戴维·麦克莱兰《马克思以后的马克思主义》,林春、徐贤珍等译,东方出版社1986年版,第45页.——译者注
[37] Helena Sheehan,Marxism and the Philosophy of Science,New Jersey:Humanities,1985,p.70;Peter Gay,The Dilemma of Democratic Socialism,pp.151ff;Leszek Kolakowski,Main Currents in Marxism,Vol.II,pp.98ff;Manfred Steger,"Introduction",pp.6ff;Andrzej Walicki,Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1995,p.212.
[38] Harry Van der Linden,Kantian Ethics and Socialism,Indianapolis:Hackett,1988.
[39] Leszek Kolakowski,Main Currents in Marxism,Vol.Il,p.246.
[40] 语出福尔伦德,转引自 Lucien Goldmann,“Is there a Marxist Sociology?”,inInternational Socialism1/34,1968,p.15.
[41] Lucien Goldmann,“Is there a Marxist Sociology?”,p.15.
[42] Karl Kautsky,The Class Struggle,1892,at http://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1892/erfurt/index.htm.参见《考茨基文选》,王学东编,人民出版社2008年版,第38页。——译者注
[44] Georgi Plekhanov,Selected Philosophical Works,Vol.II,Moscow:Progress Publishers,1976,pp.326ff.
[45] 语出普列汉诺夫,转引自 Samuel Baron,Plekhanov,The Father of Russian Marxism,Stanford:Stanford University Press,1963,p.178.
[46] Rodney Peffer,Marxism,Moralityand Social Justice,p.81.
[47] Leszek Kolakowski,Main Currents in Marxism,Vol.II,p.39.参见[波]莱泽克·科拉科夫斯基《马克思主义的主要流派》第2卷,唐少杰等译,苏国勋等校,黑龙江大学出版社2015年版,第37页。——译者注
[48] Tony Burns,"Karl Kautsky:Ethics and Marxism",in Lawrence Wilde,ed.,Marxism'sEthical Thinkers,pp.15—50.
[49] Tony Burns,“Karl Kautsky:Ethics and Marxism",p.30;cf Jules Townsend,”Reassessing Kautsky's Marxism",inPolitical Studies,Vol.xxxvii,No.4,1989,pp.659—664.
[50] Tony Burns,“Karl Kautsky:Ethics and Marxism”,p.42.
[51] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,Chicago:Charles H.Kerr,1918,p.7.
[52] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.60.
[53] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,pp.64—65,
[54] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.98.
[55] Tony Burns,“Karl Kautsky:Ethics and Marxism”,pp.21—22.
[56] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.156,184.
[57] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.160.
[58] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.195,pp.200—201
[59] Dick Geary,Karl Kautsky,Manchester:Manchester University Press,1987,p.12.
[60] George Lichtheim,Marxism,London:Routledge,1964,p.295;Lucien Goldmann,“Is there a Marxist Sociology?",p.15.
[61] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.114,156.
[62] Karl Kautsky,Ethics and the Materialist Conception of History,p.206.
[63] Paul Blackledge,“Karl Kautsky and Marxist Historiography”,inScience and Society,Vol.70,No.3,2006,pp.337—359.
[64] Rudolph Hilferding,Finance Capital,London:Routledge,1981,p.23;Rudolph Hilferding,“The Materialist Conception of History”,in Tom Bottomore,ed.,Modern Interpretations of Marx,Oxford,Blackwell,1981,p.127;Lucio Colletti,From Rousseau to Lenin,pp.229—236;Perry Anderson,Arguments within English Marxism,p.6.
[65] Otto Bauer,“Marxism and Ethics”,in Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode,eds.,Austro Marxism,Oxford,Oxford University Press,1978,p.84.
[66] Karl Kautsky,“Life,Science and Ethics”,in Patrick Goode,ed.,Karl Kautsky:Selected Political Writings,p.52.
[67] Peter Nettl,Rosa Luremburg,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1969,pp.284ff;Carl Schorske,German Social Democracy,1905—1917,pp.191ff.
[68] Vladimir Lenin,“Philosophical Notebooks”,p.180.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第55卷,第151页。——译者注
[69] Vladimir Lenin,“What is to beDone?”,in Vladimir Lenin,Collected Works,Vol.5,1961,pp.517—520.
[70] Vladimir Lenin,“The Economic Content of Narodism”,in Vladimir Lenin,Collected Works,Vol.1,1960,pp.400——401.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第1卷,人民出版社1984年版,第362—363页。——译者注
[71] István Mészáros,Beyond Capital,London;Merlin,1995,p.4.
[72] Lars Lih,Lenin Rediscovered,p.27,615;Paul Blackledge,"What was Done:Lenin Rediscovered",in International Socialism 2/111,2006,pp.111—126.
[73] Eduard Bernstein,The Preconditions of Socialism,p.206.参见《伯恩施坦文选》,股叙彝编,人民出版社2008年版,第331页。——译者注
[76] Vladimir Lenin,"What is to be Done?”,p.384.参见《列宁选集》第1卷,人民出版社2012年版,第326页。——译者注
[77] Vladimir Lenin,“What is to be Done?”,p.375.参见《列宁选集》第1卷,第317—318页。——译者注
[78] 语出列宁,转引自 Tony Cliff,Lenin;Building the Party,London;Bookmarks,1986,p.81.
[79] Vladimir Lenin,“The Reorganisation of theParty”,in Vladimir Lenin,Collected Works,Vol.10,1962,p.32;John Molyneux,Marxism and the Party,p.59;Raya Dunayevskaya,Marxism and Freedom,p.182.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第12卷,人民出版社1987年版,第80页。——译者注
[80] 语出考茨基,转引自 Massimo Salvadori,Karl Kautsky and the Socialist Rewolution,p.40.
[81] 语出列宁,转引自Chris Harman,“Party and Class”,in Alex Callinicos,et al.,Partyand Class,London:Bookmarks,1996,p.31.
[82] Vladimir Lenin,“What is to be Done?”,pp.509—510.参见《列宁选集》第1卷,第449页.——译者注
[83] Vladimir Lenin,“Philosophical Notebooks”,pp.217—218.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第55卷,第187页。——译者注
[84] Stathis Kouvelakis,“Lenin as Reader of Hegel”,in Sebastian Budgen,et al,eds.,Lenin Reloaded,Towúrds a Politics of Truth,p.174,186.
[85] 语出戴,转引自 Kevin Anderson,Lenin,Hegel and Western Marxism,Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1995,p.113.
[86] John Holloway,Change the World Without Taking Pouer,p.128.
[87] Alex Callinicos,“Leninism in the Twenty-first Century?”,in Sebastian Budgen,et al,eds,Lenin Reloaded:Towurds a Politics of Truth,p.26.
[89] Vladimir Lenin,“Philosophical Notebooks”,p.274.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第55卷,第235页。——译者注
[90] Georg Lukács,The Ontology of Social Being:2.Marx,p.162.
[91] Georg Lukács,Lenin:A Study in the Unity of his Thought,London:New Left Books,1970,p.13.参见[匈]格奥尔格·卢卡奇《列宁——关于列宁思想统一性的研究》,张翼星译,远流出版事业股份有限公司1991年版,第29页。——译者注
[92] Vladimir Lenin,“Philosophical Notebooks”,p.213.参见《列宁全集》(第二版)第55卷,第183页。——译者注
[93] Vladimir Lenin,“The State and Revolution”,in Vladimir Lenin,Selected Works,Moscow:Progress Publishers,1968,p.335.
[94] Vladimir Lenin,“The State and Revolution”,pp.324—325.
[95] Karl Korsch,Marxism and Philosophy,London:New Left Book,1970;Mrtin Jay,Marxism and Totality,Berkeley:University of California Press,1984,Ch.3;Andrew Arato and Paul Breines,The Young Lukács and the Origins of Western Marxism,London:Pluto,1979,pp.170ff..
[103] Georg Lukács,History and Class Consciousness,p.28,129.
[104] Georg Lukács,History and Class Consciousness,p.173.参见[匈]卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》,第238页。——译者注
[105] Georg Lukics,History and Class Consciousness,p.229.参见[匈]卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》,第282页。——译者注
[106] Gareth Stedman Jones,“The Marxism of the Early Lukács”,inNew Left Review ed.Western Marxism:A Critical Reader,London,New Left Books,1977,p.42.
[107] John Rees,“Introduction”,in Georg Lukács,Tailism and the Dialectic,A Defence of History and Class Consciousness,London;Verso,2000,pp.28ff.
[108] Georg Lukács,Historyand Class Consciousness,p.77.参见[匈]卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》,第125页。——译者注
[109] Georg Lukics,History and Class Consciousness,p.289.参见[匈]卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》,第339页。——译者注
[110] Georg Lukáes,Lenin:A Study in the Unity of his Thought,p.36;Georg Lukics,History and Class Consciousness,p.331,334.参见[匈]格奥尔格·卢卡奇《列宁——关于列宁思想统一性的研究》,第51—52页。——译者注
[111] Michael Löwy,The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx,p.183;cf John Rees,The Algebra of Revolution,pp.219—225;Georg Lukhcs,Tailism and the Dialectic:A Defence of History and Class Consciousness,pp.63—86.
[112] Georg Lukács,Political Writings 1919—1929,London:New Left Books,1972,p.133.
[113] Georg Lukács,Historyand Class Consciousness,p.38.参见[匈]卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》,第82页。——译者注
[114] Georg Lukács,History and Class Consciousness,pp.124—125.
[142] Georg Lukács,Lenin;A Study in the Unity of his Thought,p.63.参见[匈]格奥尔格·卢卡奇《列宁——关于列宁思想统一性的研究》,第80页。——译者注
[143] Georg Lukács,Lenin:A Study in the Unity of his Thought,pp.65—66.参见[匈]格奥尔格·卢卡奇《列宁——关于列宁思想统一性的研究》,第82—83页。——译者注
[144] Georg Lukacs,Historyand Class Consciousness,pp.41—42.参见[匈]卢卡奇《历史与阶级意识》,第85—86页。——译者注
[145] Antonio Gramsci,Selections from Political Writings 1910—1920,London;Lawrence and Wishart,1977,pp.34—37.
[146] Antonio Gramsci,Selections from the Prison Notebooks,London:Lawrence and Wishart,1971,pp.409—410.参见[意]安东尼奥·葛兰西《狱中札记》,曹雷雨、姜丽、张跣译,河南大学出版社2014年版,第506页。——译者注
[147] Antonio Gramsci,Further Selectons from the Prison Notebooks,p.329,pp.345—346,p.357,360.
[148] Antonio Gramsci,Selections from Political Writings 1910—1920,p.68.
[149] Antonio Gramsci,Selections from Political Writings 1910—1920,p.65.
[189] Michal Reiman,The Birth of Stalinism,London:I.B.Tauris;Haynes,1987,p.119,122.
[190] Michael Haynes,Nikolai Bukharin and the Transition from Capitalism to Socialism,London:Croom Helm,1985,p.110;Tony Cliff,State Capitalism in Russia,London:Pluto,1974.
[191] Herbert Marcuse,Soviet Marxism,London:Penguin,1958,p.124.参见[美]赫伯特·马尔库塞《苏联的马克思主义——一种批判的分析》,张翼星、万俊人译,黄振定校,中国人民大学出版社2012年版,第84页。——译者注
[192] Herbert Marcuse,Soviet Marxism,p.17,128;Nigel Harris,Beliefs in Society,London:Penguin,1968,p.152.
[193] Slavoj Žižek,“Georg Lukács as the Philosopher of Leninism”,in Georg Lukács,Tailism and the Dialectic:A Defence of History and Class Consciousness,p.155.参见[斯洛文尼亚]齐泽克《作为列宁主义哲学家的格奥尔格·卢卡奇》,孙一洲译,张双利校,载《当代国外马克思主义评论)2017年第1期,第9页。——译者注
[194] Joseph Stalin,Dialectical and Historical Materialism,1938,at http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1938/09.htm.
[195] Paul Blackledge,Reflection on the Marxist Theory of History,Ch.2.